Classical Greece

So what are the Key Concepts in this Unit? 2.1. The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions New religions grow out of old Universal truths New gender roles Influence on culture 2.2. The Development of States and Empires New administrative systems made to control large empires Centralized government Bureaucracy Diplomacy Patriarchy remained 2.3. Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange Land and water trade routes (Silk Road, trans- Sahara, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea) New technologies made trade easier Trade - goods, ideas, and diseases Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.

The Geography of Greece Lets review what we know about Ancient Greece from our first unit. In the Ancient Period, Greece saw the Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations flourish.

Quick History of Greece 2,000 BCE 1,000 BCE 800 BCE 338 BCE Archaic (Ancient) Period Hellenic Period Hellenistic Period Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations rule Greece Development of Polis BCE start of the Persian Wars 431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian Wars (Greek Civil War) 336 – 323 BCE Alexander of Macedon Here are the quick facts for this unit. 359 – 336 BCE reign of Philip II

Archaic Greece: 1650 BCE – 700 BCE

Bronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization Minoan Society Island of Crete Major city: Knossos C BCE center of maritime trade Undeciphered syllabic alphabet (Linear A)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCE Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves Foreign invasions Foreign domination by 1100 BCE

The Mycenaean Civilization Indo-european invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, c BCE Influenced by Minoan culture Major settlement: Mycenae Military expansion throughout region

Chaos in the Eastern Meditteranean Trojan war, c BCE Homers The Iliad Sequel: The Odyssey Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCE Mycenaean civilization disappears

Hellenic Greece: 700 BCE – 324 BCE

The Polis: the city-state After Mycenaean society collapsed, chaos ruled City-states developed Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas Highly independent character Monarchies Tyrannies, not necessarily oppressive Early Democracies

Highly militarized society Subjugated peoples: helots – Serfs, tied to land – Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6 th c. BCE Military society developed to control threat of rebellion Development of early democracy – Free, adult males only – Women, slaves excluded Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism SPARTA ATHENS

Austerity the norm Boys removed from families at age seven military training in barracks Active military service follows Marriage, but no home life until age 30 Some relaxation of discipline by 4 th c. CE Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning 7 th c. BCE Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders Increasing socio-economic tensions Class conflict SPARTA ATHENS

Aristocrat Solon mediates sixth century crisis Aristocrats to keep large landholdings But forgive debts, ban debt slavery Removed family restrictions against participating in public life Instituted paid civil service Important Athenian Lawmakers Aristocrat Pericles became most popular Athenian leader Ruled BCE High point of Athenian democracy Massive public works Encouraged cultural development

Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, B.C.E. Population pressure in Greece forced Greeks to migrate around the Mediterranean. They created Greek colonies that took Greek culture around the Mediterranean. Trade throughout the region improved.

Persian Wars: 500 BCE – 479 BCE Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia Athens supports with ships Yet Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE; routed in 490 Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as well

Andrew Marrs History of the World Athens and Democracy Episode 2: 26:28 – 37:33

Lets see how well you were focusing. Put the following events in chronological order. __ A. Development of the Polis __ B. Minoan Civilization on Crete __ C. The Persian Wars __ D. Mycenaean Civilization in Greece __ E. The Greek Dark Ages __ F. Greek Colonization of the Mediterranean Region

The Peloponnesian Wars Delian League Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks Led by Athens Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion Resented by other poleis

The Peloponnesian Wars Civil War Civil war in Greece, BCE Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta Athens forced to surrender But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis

Macedonia Under Philip II Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus King Philip II (r BCE) builds massive military 350 BCE encroaches on Greek poleis to the south, controls region by 338 BCE

Hellenistic Greece: 324 BCE – 27 BCE

Andrew Marrs History of the World Alexander and Socrates Episode 2: 44:15 – 57:20

Alexander's empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.

The Hellenistic Empires After Alexanders death, competition for empire Divided by generals – Antigonus: Greece and Macedon – Ptolemy: Egypt – Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire Economic integration, Intellectual cross-fertilization

The Hellenistic Empires Smallest of Hellenistic Empires Local dissent Issue of land distribution – Heavy colonizing activity Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires Established state monopolies – Textiles, Salt, Beer Capital: Alexandria – Important port city – Major museum, library Massive colonization of Greeks Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India – Bactria – Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic

The Hellenistic Empires

The Economy of the Hellenistic Era Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes Colonies further trade Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy

Hellenic Society Olympia Panhellenic Festivals Useful for integrating far-flung colonies Olympic Games begin 776 BCE Sense of collective identity

Patriarchal Society Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes Limited exposure in public sphere Sparta partial exception Sappho Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture

Slavery Scythians (Ukraine) Nubians (Africa) Chattel Sometimes used in business Opportunity to buy freedom

The Greek Language Borrowed Phoenician alphabet Added vowels Complex language – middle voice Allowed for communication of abstract ideas – Philosophy

Socrates ( BCE) The Socratic Method Student: Plato Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality Forced to drink hemlock Systematized Socratic thought The Republic – Parable of the Cave – Theory of Forms/Ideas Plato ( BCE) Greek Thinkers Student of Plato Broke with Theory of Forms/Ideas Emphasis on empirical findings, reason Massive impact on western thought Aristotle ( BCE)

Greek Theology Polytheism Zeus principal god Religious cults – Eleusinian mysteries – The Bacchae – Rituals eventually domesticated

Tragic Drama Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals Major playwrights (5 th c. BCE) – Aeschylus – Sophocles – Euripides Comedy: Aristophanes

Hellenistic Philosophies Epicureans – Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists Skeptics – Doubted possibility of certainty in anything Stoics – Duty, virtue – Emphasis on inner peace