Theme: Observation of the urinary system in children and disorders Done by: Asset Omirzak, 301 Gm Checked by: Gulzhan Salgarayeva Astana Medical University Department of Propaedeutics of diseases in children

To show an in-depth understanding of the genito-urinary disorders in children and the process of care in the nursing management Aim

By the end of this session, the student should be able to: * Understand the anatomy and physiology of the renal system and structure and function * Identify the differences between adult and children GU system * Describe the most common diagnostic investigations and procedures for GU disorders

* Understand the general assessment of children with genitourinary disorders * Understand the common genitourinary disorders in children * Plan the nursing management for children with GU disorders

* Begins during 1 st week of gestation * Completed by end of 1 st year after birth * Excretion less than adult * By the age of 6 to 12 months, filtration and absorption is nearly like adults * For healthy infant, the kidneys operate at a functional level appropriate for the size of the body.

Nephron * Glomeruli – filter water and solutes from blood * Tubules – reabsorb needed substances (water, protein, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids) from filtrate and allow unneeded substances to leave the body in urine * Urine formed in the nephron, passes into renal pelvis, through ureter into bladder and out of body through urethra

Urine formed in the nephron, passes into renal pelvis, through ureter into bladder and out of body through urethra

Glomeruli : filter water and solutes from blood Tubules : reabsorb needed substances (water, protein, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids) from filtrate and allow unneeded substances to leave the body in urine

* Maintaining body fluid volume and composition * Secretes hormones:- Renin – helps with the regulation of blood pressure Erythropoietin – stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow Metabolised Vitamin D – responsible for calcium metabolism

* Urinalysis * CT Scan- an x-ray procedure that combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views and, if needed, three-dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body.

* gross indicator of renal function * (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from the waste product urea. * Urea is made when protein is broken down in body. * Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine tests can be used together to find the BUN-to-creatinine ratio (BUN:creatinine). body in the urine. * A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is done to determine : kidneys are working normally. kidney disease is getting worse. See if treatment of kidney disease is working. See if severe dehydration is present. Dehydration generally causes BUN levels to rise more than creatinine levels. This causes a high BUN-to-creatinine ratio. Kidney disease or blockage of the flow of urine from kidney causes both BUN and creatinine levels to go up.

* KUB (Kidney, Ureter, Bladder) x-ray * Renal Biopsy Renal Ultrasound

An injection of x-ray contrast media via a needle or cannula into the vein, typically in the arm. The contrast is excreted or removed from the bloodstream via the kidneys, and the contrast media becomes visible on x-rays almost immediately after injection