Academic Listening

Linguistic and Nonlinguistic aspects of Listening Comprehension Linguistic messages (the words). Paralinguistic messages (vocally transmitted meanings). Extra-linguistic messages (meaning transmitted through body language).

How we listen Over lunch, your friend tells you a story about a recent holiday, which was a disaster. You listen with interest and interject at appropriate moments, maybe to express surprise or sympathy. That evening, another friend calls to invite you to a party at her house the following Saturday. As youve never been to her house before, she gives you directions. You listen carefully and make notes.

Процессы обработки информации : BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING (от частного к общему) TOP-DOWN PROCESSING (от общего к частному) INTEGRATED PROCESSING

Восприятие от частного к общему (в режиме BOTTOM-UP) 1.Получение звукового образа 2.Попытка выделить значимые составляющие 3.Создание (воссоздание) и логическая организация суждений 4.Помещение суждения в оперативную память, удаление из памяти звукового образа Запоминаем смысл, забывая точные слова

Bottom-Up Processing Meaningful Information SoundsWordsPhrases Body Language Grammar

Bottom-Up Processing Beginner listeners Great amount of conscious attention Limited to comprehending small chunks of information Small capacity for higher level of operation (top-down processing)

Dictagloss: Ss think through the grammatical choices they are making Im going to the shop. Do you want some chocolate? Lets have a party! Id better go soon. You shouldnt have told him. What are you doing? There isnt any coffee. What have you got? He doesnt like it. Its quite a long way. Why did you think youd be able to? Can you tell him I called?

Восприятие от общего к частному (в режиме TOP-DOWN) Фоновые знания общие знания по теме типичная схема события знакомство с конкретной ситуацией Смысл сообщения

Top-Down Processing Meaningful Information SoundsWordsPhrases Body Language Predictio n Prior Knowledge Context Experienc e Grammar

Top-Down Processing Proficient listeners Large capacity for higher level of operation Ability to comprehend bigger chunks of information Ability to sort important information

Вот такая история… Getting rid of a troublesome neighbour

ОБУЧЕНИЕ восприятию от общего к частному (в режиме TOP-DOWN) Формируемые умения: –использовать ключевые слова для понимания темы общения –догадываться об обстановке, участниках беседы, неупомянутых напрямую деталях –догадываться о причинно-следственных связях –предвидеть вопросы по теме

Interactive Processing Experienc e Predictio n Prior Knowledge Context Meaningful Information SoundsWordsPhrases Body Language Grammar

Interactive Processing Proficient listeners Little conscious attention to words, sounds, etc Large capacity for higher level of operation Ability to comprehend big chunks of information Interactive and simultaneous information processing (compensation of lack information in one level by checking it at other level)

Организация учебного процесса 1.Подготовительный этап: –повторение лексики –активизация знаний по теме –высказывание предположений 2.Этап активного прослушивания –общее понимание –извлечение необходимой информации –упорядочивание информации

Организация учебного процесса 3.После прослушивания \ второе прослушивание: –обсуждение прослушанного –понимание деталей –снятие трудностей –лингвистический анализ

Поступающая информация Понимаем смысл Обращаем внимание на элементы языка Используем в собственной речи

Skills in Listening Listening for key words Listening for details Listening for the gist Listening and making inferences Listening for attitudes Listening to questions and responding Recognizing and identifying information

Academic listening and note-taking Recognizing text structure Deducing the meaning of unfamiliar words Recognizing implications Understanding intonation Summarising –Purposeful –Interactive Organizing notes in two columns

Tactics for Listening Task-based, graded listening practice Practice in top-down and bottom-up practice skills Optional conversational activities in each unit

Lecture Ready (1, 2, 3) Strategies for Academic Listening, note-taking, and discussion Ss learn how to independently and confidently - listen to lectures and take notes effectively - communicate with other students in group discussions drawing on the knowledge gained through listening - experience the demands and atmosphere of a real college classroom Learn vocabulary from the Academic Word List (by Averil Coxhead)

Lecture Ready (1, 2, 3) Ss need to learn a process for each stage of listening 1. strategies for individually preparing for each stage of the listening process: - before a lecture - during a lecture - after a lecture 2. Strategies for recognizing lecture language: the discourse markers, speech features, lexical bundles, which might otherwise distract tem from the meaningful content of a lecture

Lecture Ready (1, 2, 3) Note taking strategies –Accurate and concise recording of the information Academic readiness –Effective study habits Reading on a relevant topic before the lecture in a variety of formats Making predictions Taking notes (aided or unaided) Solidifying their understanding by using notes to review or summarize the lecture Lectures on DVD

Lecture Ready (1, 2, 3) Build background knowledge Prepare to listen and take notes Listen and take notes Discuss the issues

Lecture Ready (2) Marketing –Gender and spending –Advertising Social sciences –Work habits in the USA –Leisure time in the USA Science –Science and pleasure –Pollutions Media studies –Getting the news in the high-tech age Linguistics

Lecture Ready (1, 2, 3) Lecture language –To signal the topic and big picture of a lecture Note taking strategies –Using an informal outline –Using symbols –Using abbreviations –Using mind-maps