Passive Voice Upper –intermediate level

Active Voice Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие, то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога: The sun attracts the planets. - Солнце притягивает планеты.

Passive Voice Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога: The planets are attracted by the sun. - Планеты притягиваются солнцем.

Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Переходные глаголы могут употребляться как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге. Непереходные глаголы употребляются только в действительном залоге. Переходные глаголы - это глаголы, действие которых переходит на определённый объект (делать дело, строить дом), т.е. в грамматическом смысле они имеют прямое дополнение.

Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Непереходные глаголы - это, соответственно, глаголы, действие которых не может переходить на какой-то объект (отдыхать, работать, сидеть, жить и т.д.) I opened the door. – The door was opened by me. – (transitive) I arrived yesterday. – cannot be changed. (intransitive)

To be + III form

Get is used in colloquial English instead of be to express smth happened by accident. The boy got hurt while playing field hockey.

Simple Tenses Play Played Will play Is/are/am played Was/were played Will be played

Continuous Tenses Is/are/am playing Was/were playing Will be playing Is/are/am being played Was/were being played

Perfect Tenses Have/has played Had played Will have played Have/has been played Had been played Will have been played

Present Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous - are not normally used in the passive.

Modals I must paint the door blue – The door must be painted blue. I should have painted the door blue. – The door should have been painted blue. !!! Mum let us go to the party. – We were allowed to go to the party.

By/with By + agent The fire was put out by the fire-fighters. With + instrument/material The jam was packed with a lot of fruit.

Questions Who posted the letters? – Who were the letters posted by? Who gave you this gift?- Who were you given this gift by?

Hear, help, make, see are followed by a to-inf. in the passive. The elderly lady was helped to cross the street. Hear, see, watch can be followed by -ing form in the active and passive. The children were seen playing in the street.

Personal/Impersonal Constructions

Говорят, что…./ думают, что …. и тд. Say, think, believe, hope, report, expect, claim, know, etc

Personal/Impersonal Constructions People say she is talented. Personal She is said to be talented. Impersonal It is said that she is talented. Present Simple

Personal/Impersonal Constructions People say she is living in Scotland. Personal She is said to be living in Scotland. Impersonal It is said that she is living in Scotland. Present Continuous

Personal/Impersonal Constructions People say she was talented. Personal She is said to have been talented. Impersonal It is said that she was talented. Past Simple

Personal/Impersonal Constructions People say that she has failed the exam. Personal She is said to have failed the exam. Impersonal It is said that she has failed the exam. Present Perfect

Personal/Impersonal Constructions People say that she will be talented. Personal She is said to be talented (in the future). Impersonal It is said that she will be talented. Future Simple

Personal/Impersonal Constructions People thought Sue had paid too much. (past form) Personal Sue was thought to have paid too much. Impersonal It was thought that she had paid too much.

Personal/Impersonal Constructions The police thought that the thief was in the house. Personal The thief was thought to be in the house. Impersonal It was thought that the thief was in the house.

Causative Form

Have something done

Causative ! Have something done употребляется, когда мы хотим сказать, что что-то было сделано за нас, мы не делали этого сами. Jane painted the house. (= она покрасила его сама) Jane had the house painted. (= кто-то другой покрасил его для нее)

Causative В разговорном английском можно сказать `Get something done' вместо `Have something done`. When are you going to get the house painted? I think I should get my coat cleaned.

Causative Иногда Have something done употребляется для того, чтобы показать что что-то (обычно неприятное) случилось с кем-то, с чем-то. I had my flat robbed. Shirley had her leg broken in the accident.

Present Causative She cleans her room. – She has her room cleaned. She is cleaning her room. – She is having her room cleaned. She has cleaned her room. – She has had her room cleaned. She has been cleaning her room. – She has been having her room cleaned.

Past Causative She cleaned her room. – She had her room cleaned. She was cleaning her room. – She was having her room cleaned. She had cleaned her room. – She had had her room cleaned. She had been cleaning her room. – She had been having her room cleaned.

Future Causative She will clean her room. – She will have her room cleaned. She will be cleaning her room. – She will be having her room cleaned. She will have cleaned her room. – She will have had her room cleaned.*

Passive Formal Polite Essential in writing tasks (essays, stories, compositions, formal letter, reports).