Krasnoperova M.A. T he cognitive aspects of probabilistic-statistical analysis in reconstructive simulation of versification Saint-Petersburg State University The author thanks the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research for financial support of the current stage of this work (Grant )

General structure of the theory of RS Diagram 1 VERSE PROBABILISTIC- STATISTICAL MODELS COGNITIVE MODELS MGPR MODELS OF LINE FORMATION

The model of generation and perception of the rhythmical structure of verse text Mechanism of reception Mechanism of generation Operative memory Mechanism of realization of rhythmical structures Language system of meter Upper layer Lower layer External meter Mechanism of rhythmical modulations Operators of rhythmical effects Managing program Diagram 2

1.The state of an undeveloped mechanism of rhythmical modulations. It may correspond, for instance, to the period of formation of the given meter in the national poetry. In this case, at the generation of the preliminary rhythm, the external meter plays the main role. The formation of verse rhythmics takes place mainly on the basis of the interaction of meter and language. 2.The state of a normally developed mechanism of rhythmical modulations. The preliminary rhythm plays a leading role in forming the text rhythmical structure and the mechanism of rhythmical modulations, being the main means of its creation, does not fall into states described in items 3 and The state of fatigue of often practiced rhythmical effects and of need in rarely practiced ones. In this case a high activity can be acquired by philters, stimulators, and transformers of rhythmical effects, the first of which causes the screening of what is drafted by the mechanism of rhythmical modulations, and the second and the third of them advance an appropriate substitute. 4.The state of degeneration of the mechanism of rhythmical modulations. Degeneration takes place at the expense of a union of operators between them and their solution in ready speech forms and clichés. The corresponding area essentially widens and imposes its patterns to the preliminary rhythm as well as to the text itself. The activity of the mechanism of rhythmical modulations is being reduced.

Main types of used probabilistic-statistical models and their cognitive analogues Language modelsVerse models Language system of meter Preliminary rhythm (States 2,3 or 4 of MGPR) MeterLanguage Language model of dependence Language model of independence Unnormed efforts Normed efforts Symmetric (state 1 of MGPR) Asymmetric middleend beginning end, middle beginningend beginningend, middle beginning end; middle end beginningmiddle Diagram 3

Rhythmical forms of Russian and German tetrameter Form No. Form types Russian examples German examples IU-U-U-U- (U)Восторг внезапный ум пленил Die Vorsicht, die die Zukunft sieht IIU-U-U-U- (U)Что протекала между нимиUnd Catharinens hoechste Gunst IIIU-U-U-U- (U)В долине тишина глубокойElisabethens langes Leben IVU-U-U-U- (U)То род отверженной рабыSo jauchzt auch Wissenschaft und Kunst VIU-U-U-U- (U)Елисавету возглашалиAus dem besiegten Orient VIIU-U-U-U- (U)Се царствует ЕлисаветаGanz Bosnien, Seraglio IXU-U-U-U- (U) Impossible Verlaesst Petrownens Grossmuth nicht XU-U-U-U- (U) Impossible Der gnaedigste Elisabeth Note: «U» indicates a weak position, «-» indicates a strong position, «» is the stress mark, «(U)» is the optional ninth syllable. Table 1

Fig. 1 Distribution of main rhythmical forms in Lomonosov's Ode on the Capture of Khotin and in the symmetric German LMD ( results obtained together with E.V.Kazartsev) ( Fig 1, Table 2)

Rhythmical forms The Khotin Ode Symmetric German LMD I0,69640,6942 III0,15710,1525 the rest0,14640,1533 Table 2

Profiles of word boundaries in Lomonosovs odes of 1741 and in the symmetric LMD (Fig. 2, Table 3 ) A B A B A B word 1 word 2 word 3 Fig. 2

WORD NUMBER ENDING TEXT LMD 2/3 1 A B 0,434 0,566 0,455 0,545 2 A B 0,484 0,516 0,493 0,507 3 A B 0,599 0,401 0,620 0,380 Note: A is the case of word boundaries after stressed syllables, В is the case of word boundaries after unstressed syllables Table 3

Distribution of rhythmical forms in Lomonosovs iambic tetrameter of and in the modified LM (Fig. 3, Table 4) Fig. 3

FormsTextsHypothesis 10,2730,296 20,0300,028 30,2220,208 40,4260,404 60,0310,034 70,0180,031 Table 4

Profiles of stressness of the 17th century German iambic tetrameter and the symmetric LMD (according to E.V.Kazartsevs data) (Fig. 4, Table 5 ) Fig. 4

I II III IV German verse (Gryphius) 0,90750,91250,88750,9775 Symmetric LMD 0,92060,91290,87950,9732 Table 5

Profiles of stressness of the 17th century Dutch iambic tetrameter and the asymmetric LMD (according to E.V.Kazartsevs data) (Fig. 5, Table 6) Fig. 5

I II III IV Dutch verse (Vondel) O,94590,82790,83440,9869 Asymmetric LMD 0,92330,81820,83860,9827 Table 6

Evolution of ratios between profiles of stressness of iambic tetrameter in Russian poetry and the recalculated LM (Fig. 6, Table 7) Fig. 6

SYLLABLES In texts Model Ratio 0,926 0,952 0,970 0,773 0,741 1,040 0,538 0,543 0, In texts Model Ratio 0,910 0,965 0,940 0,821 0,751 1,090 0,534 0,550 0, In texts Model Ratio 0,933 0,983 0,950 0,823 0,765 1,080 0,553 0,560 0, In texts Model Ratio 0,931 0,990 0,940 0,847 0,770 1,100 0,543 0,564 0, In texts Model Ratio 0,885 0,938 0,940 0,874 0,730 1,200 0,444 0,535 0, appr In texts Model Ratio 0,835 0,932 0,896 0,940 0,728 1,295 0,417 0,535 0,786 Note: at making this table we have used texts data obtained by A.Beliy, M.L.Gasparov, V.A.Zapadov, K.F.Taranovsky, and united by M.L.Gasparov. Table 7

Distribution of rhythmical forms in the Russian verse of the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XX century and verse models (Fig. 7 – 10, Table 8 ) The iambic tetrameter of the end of the XVII - beginning of the XIX century Fig. 7

The iambic tetrameter of the XIX century Fig. 8

The iambic tetrameter of Ashes by A.Beliy Fig. 9

The trochaic tetrameter of fairy tales by A.Pushkin Fig. 10

FORMS GROUPS XVII-XIX Text VM XIX Text VM Ashes Text VM Trochaic tetrameter Text VM Note: at making this table there were used G.A.Shengelis text data united by periods by M.L.Gasparov Table 8

Frequencies of stresses in Russian folk octameter and in the two-complex modified language model of trochaic tetrameter (Fig. 11, Table 9) Fig. 11

Syllable TEXT0,3830,076 10,2690,074 10,00 0,067 0,0 2CLM4T0,3630,019 1,000,2840,0751,000,00 0,0 Note: in this table there were used text data obtained by J.Bailey Table 9

The first hemistich and the symmetric LMD Profiles of stressness calculated for hemistichs of Lomonosovs iambic hexameter on the background of iambic trimeter models (Letter Concerning the Usefulness of Glass) (data obtained together with E.V.Kazartsev) (Fig. 12,13; Tables 10,11) Fig. 12

Syllable Text 0,948 0,663 0,750 SLMD 0,943 0,668 1,000 Note. The disagreement of data in the sixth syllable is caused by structural reasons: by the obligatoriness of stress on the last syllable of the verse and its optionality on the last syllable of a hemistich. It turns out that the poet is oriented towards iambic trimeter, but sometimes in the process of versification he substitutes the stressed sixth syllable by an unstressed one. Table 10

The second hemistich and the recalculated LM Syllable Text0,936 0,423 1,000 RLM0,939 0,420 1,000 Fig. 13 Table 11

1.К вопросу о законе регрессивной акцентной диссимиляции и его причинах (To the question of the law of regressive accentual dissimilation and its reasons). Russian Literature XII. N 2.. С К вопросу о становлении анапестического ритма в русском народном восьмисложном стихе. (To the question of the formation of anapest rhythm in Russian folk octameter). Русский фольклор. Том XXXII.Материалы и исследования.СПб, Наука, С Концепция реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения в контексте европейских и американских теорий метрики и ритмики стиха (The conception of reconstructive simulation of versification in the context of European and American theories of metrics and rhythmics of verse). VIII Международная конференция. Когнитивное моделирование в лингвистике. Труды. Т.1. The VIII International Conference "Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics". Proceedings, V.1. September Moscow-Varna,2005. Казань, Февраль. С Модели лингвистической поэтики (Models of linguistic poetics). Л., с. С Моделирование процесса стихосложения по вероятностным параметрам (Simulation of the versification process on the basis of probabilistic parameters). Russian Verse Theory: Proceedings of the 1987 Conference at UCLA. UCLA Slavic Studies. Vol С Main publications of the author on the theme of the present report

6. Модель восприятия и порождения ритма. (The model of perception and generation of rhythm). Вопросы кибернетики. Общение с ЭВМ на естественном языке.. Вып С ; 7.Новые модели и новая ориентация в изучении ритмики стиха.(New models and new orientation in the study of verse rhythmics). Славянский стих. Стиховедение, лингвистика и поэтика. М., С О глубинных единицах стиховой ритмики (On deep-seated units of verse rhythmics). Сборник научных трудов. МГИИЯ им. Мориса Тореза. Вып Единицы поэтической речи. М., С «Ода… на взятие Хотина» 1739 года М. В.Ломоносова на фоне языковых моделей ритмики русского и немецкого стиха (Ode…on the Taking of Khotinof 1739 by M.V.Lomonosov on the background of language models of rhythmics of Russian and German verse). Славянский стих: VII. Лингвистика и структура стиха. Языки славянской культуры. - М., С (Together with E.V. Kazartsev). 10. Основы реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения.(Fundamentals of the reconstructive simulation of versification). СПб., 2000, 237 с. 11. Основы сравнительного статистического анализа ритмики прозы и стиха (Fundamentals of the comparative statistical analysis of verse and prose rhythmics). СПб, 2004, 131 с. 12. Evolution of the Rhythmics of Russian Verse and a Semiotic Model: On the Material of Russian Iambic Tetrameter.Meter, Rhythm, and Performance ¦ Metrum, Rhythmus, Performanz. Frankfurt am Main P 425 – More about the Early Iambic Tetrameter in M.V. Lomonosovs Poetry. Elementa. Vol P ;

Materials of other authors used in the present report Publications 1. Гаспаров М.Л. (Gasparov M.L.). Современный русский стих. Метрика и ритмика (Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythmics). М.: Наука, с. Табл. 26, 26а, с Казарцев. Е. В. (Kazartsev E.V.). К вопросу о типологии становления силлабо-тоники в немецком и русском cтихосложении (To the question of the typology of the formation of syllabo- tonic system in German and Russian versification). Фонетические чтения в честь 100-летия со дня рождения Л.Р.Зиндера.СПб,2004.С.142– Казарцев. Е.В. (Kazartsev E.V.). К вопросу о становлении силлабо-тонического стихосложения в Нидерландах: Некоторые особенности ритмики 4-стопного ямба на фоне языковых моделей размера (To the question of the formation of syllabo-tonic versification in Netherlands: Some particularities of rhythmics of the iambic tetrameter on the background of language models of meter). Формальные методы в лингвистической поэтике, II. СПб, С Bailey, James. Three Russian Lyric Folk Songs. – Ohio, – 432 p. Reviews Златоустова Л.В. (Zlatoustova L.V.) О новом направлении в стиховедении: Теория реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения (On a new direction in the theory of verse/Theory of Reconstructive Simulation of Versification). Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 9, Филология

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