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Презентация была опубликована 9 лет назад пользователемОлжас 111
1 GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE: REALITIES, UNCERTAINTIES AND MEASURES Presentation by: Olzhas Tasmagambetov Sayazhan Tlemissov Article by: A.P. Aizebeokhai CST Covenant University, Nigeria International Journal of Physical Sciences v
2 CONTENT 1. Rationale {} 2. Introduction 3. Evidences of global warming from independent measurements 4. Possible measures 5. Conclusions 6. References
3 RATIONALE Global warming and climate is changing is real increasing concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases due to human activities exponential increase in surface temperature of the earth and the global sea The earth's atmosphere creates natural greenhouse effect which keeps the earth's surface warmer than it would have been otherwise Its greatly affecting the biosphere cutting down of forest for agricultural purposes and urbanization are substantially increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Also the burning of fossil fuels, industrial activities
4 Global warming and climate change Changes in the atmosphere and sea level Changes in the atmosphere and sea level Human activities – any activity that releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere Human activities – any activity that releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere INTRODUCTION
5 Aim To take appropriate measures that would control and stabilize global warming Problem Some have argued that such actions to curb global warming and climate change are too premature and are not cost effective. Situation Surface of the earth has warmed by an average of 1.0°C (1.8°F) in the last 100 years The mean sea level rose by about 18 cm in the last century Changing of climate zones Object The governments of industrialized nations Current situation, problems, aims, objects of research
6 General scheme of changing climate
8 the surface of the earth has warmed by an average of 1.0°C (1.8°F) in the last 100 years sea level rose by about 18 cm in the last century and is currently rising at the rate of about 3.4 mm per annum the thermal history of the earths subsurface is also changing Surface temperature, sea level, snow cover
21 Sea level rise ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
22 Borehole temperature
23 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Air temperature
24 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Carbon Emissions and CO concentration
25 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Human-Produced Greenhouse Gas Levels
26 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Rise population and human developing index
27 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Possible measures to effectively control global warming and climate change Improving energy conservation Make effiective as well as the production and efficient utilization of non-fossil fuels Reduce the excessive energy consumption in developed countries Establish of stringent standards for power plants Stimulate the growth of phytoplankton that uses carbon dioxide to synthesis their food Planting more trees
28 CONCLUSION Governments should provide a combination of targets and timetables, efficiency regulations and arrays of market-based incentives that would encourage businesses to make the necessary investments on the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions Award of research grants to research institutes and researchers working on global warming Use a fuel- efficient car and driving less; living closer to place of work and walking or riding a bicycle; to reduce heating during cold weather and cooling during hot weather; using compact fluorescent light bulbs and/or tubes, and energy-efficient home appliances; planting trees and shrubs around homes; Solutions To effectively control and stabilize the effects of global warming and climate change would require the integration of global commitments good public leadership initiatives as well as individual actions Global population growth should be brought under control reduce excessive energy consumption The creative talents of engineers and scientists should be harnessed and challenged to improve energy efficiency and the use of non-fossil fuel so as to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels Research results
29 REFERENCES Buersseler KO Doney SC, Karl DM, Boyd PW, Caldeira K, Chai F, Coale KH, de Baar HJW, Falkowski pG, Johnson KS, Lampitt RS, Michaels AF, Naqvi SWA, Smetacek V, Takeda S, Watson AJ (2008). Environment: ocean iron fertilization -moving forward in a sea of uncertainty, Science 319 (5860): 162, dio: /science Chapman DS, David MG (2007). Global warming - more than hot air, J. Land Resour. Environ. Law, 27(1). Climate Research Unit (2009). available at [ Deming D, Borel R (1993). Evidence for possible climate change in the Southern Plains Province of the US from borehole temperature measurements. 74 (43), EOS Trans. AGU 607, Fall Meeting Suppl. Harris RN, Chapman DS (1995). Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of Eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperature, 100J Geophys. Res., p Hinzman LD, Bettez ND, Bolton WR, Chapin FS, Dyurgerov MB, Fastie CL, Griffith B, Hollister RD, Hope A, Huntington HP, Jensen AM, Jia GJ, Jorgenson T, Kane DL, Klein DR, Kofinas G, Lynch AH, Lloyd AH, Mcguire AD, Nelson FE, Oechel WC, Osterkamp TE, Racine CH, Romanovsky VE, Stone RS, Stow DA, Sturm M, Tweedie CE, Vourlitis GL, Walker MD, Walker DA, Webber PJ, Welker JM, Winker KS, Yoshikawa K (2005). Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other arctic regions. Clim. Change 72: doi: /s Houghton J (1997). Global Warming: The complete briefing, third edition. Cambridge University Press, London. IPCC (2007a). UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report - climate change, [ assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf]. IPCC (2007b). UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Supra notes 2. IPCC (2007c). UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report, Technical Summary, Section 2.7. p. 30, Lanchenbruch H, Marshall BV (1986). Changing climate geothermal evidence from permafrost in Alaska Arctic, 234 Science, 689. Mahlman JD (1997). Uncertainties in projections of human-caused climate warming. Science, 278: Marland G, Boden TA, Andres RJ (2003). "Global, Regional, and National CO 2 Emissions." In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A [ NASA (2009). National Aeronautics and Space Administration [ NASA (2005). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, warmest year in over a century, [ 2005warmest.html].
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