«Некоторые тенденции в развитии современной английской грамматики

Food for Thought 1. He and I are going shopping 1. He and I are going shopping 2. I and he are going shopping 2. I and he are going shopping 3. Him and me are going shopping 3. Him and me are going shopping 4. Me and him are going shopping 4. Me and him are going shopping a The cats need feeding a The cats need feeding b The cats need fed b The cats need fed

Существительное (множественное число) memorandum memorandamemorandums memorandum memorandamemorandums curriculum curriculacurriculums curriculum curriculacurriculums formula formulaeformulas formula formulaeformulas cherub cherubimcherubs cherub cherubimcherubs focus focifocuses focus focifocuses index indicesindexes index indicesindexes genius geniigeniuses genius geniigeniuses

Существительное (множественное число – функционально- стилистический и семантический аспект) formulae – используется научно-техническими специалистами formulae – используется научно-техническими специалистами formulas – используется неспециалистами в данной области formulas – используется неспециалистами в данной области indexes – содержание книги indexes – содержание книги indices – «показатель» (математический термин) indices – «показатель» (математический термин) antennae – используется биологами antennae – используется биологами antennas – в остальных сферах общения antennas – в остальных сферах общения genii – духи, домовые, джинны genii – духи, домовые, джинны geniuses – талантливые люди geniuses – талантливые люди

Существительное (множественное число – переосмысление категории числа) Your data is fresh. Your data is fresh. Your article completely ignores the adverse effect that a hostile media has on the situation here. (Newsweek) Your article completely ignores the adverse effect that a hostile media has on the situation here. (Newsweek) That the Bank is hereby requested to open such accounts in the name of the Company as may be considered appropriate for the receipt of the Companys moneys (стандартный договор AIB). That the Bank is hereby requested to open such accounts in the name of the Company as may be considered appropriate for the receipt of the Companys moneys (стандартный договор AIB). all these different musics (BBC) all these different musics (BBC)

Существительное (исчисляемое – неисчисляемое) More car for less money More car for less money If you buy a Volvo you get plenty of car for your money If you buy a Volvo you get plenty of car for your money Ive got too much nose and not enough chin. Ive got too much nose and not enough chin.

Существительное (одушевленное – неодушевленное) France has decided to increase its (на порядок реже her) trade with Romania. Look at the little frog. Isnt he sweet? Shes about to fall (лесоруб о дереве)

Артикль Определенный артикль все чаще начинает использоваться с названиями дней конкретной недели: Определенный артикль все чаще начинает использоваться с названиями дней конкретной недели: They drove back to Oxford on the Thursday (J. Archer) – «в четверг на той неделе» Определенный артикль постепенно сменяется нулевым Определенный артикль постепенно сменяется нулевым в названиях книг и периодических изданий в названиях книг и периодических изданий The Radio Times – Radio Times The Radio Times – Radio Times при превращении названия местности в название государства при превращении названия местности в название государства The Lebanon – Lebanon The Ukraine – Ukraine

Местоимение John pulled the blanket over himself. (укрылся одеялом с головой) John pulled the blanket over himself. (укрылся одеялом с головой) John pulled the blanket over him. (укрылся одеялом не весь) John pulled the blanket over him. (укрылся одеялом не весь) John hid the book behind himself. (книга касалась тела Джона) John hid the book behind himself. (книга касалась тела Джона) John hid the book behind him. (касания не было) John hid the book behind him. (касания не было) I got on cultivating my old stale daily self. (A. Huxley) I got on cultivating my old stale daily self. (A. Huxley) You work your fool self to death, and what for? (E.K. Ganna) You work your fool self to death, and what for? (E.K. Ganna) It makes me sick to even think about it. It makes me sick to even think about it. Curtis Fenton came on the line, his usual formal and always polite self. Curtis Fenton came on the line, his usual formal and always polite self. There was no one on the island but their eight selves. There was no one on the island but their eight selves.

Местоимение split word-combination: possessive pronoun + self I got on cultivating my old stale daily self. I got on cultivating my old stale daily self. You work your fool self to death, and what for? You work your fool self to death, and what for? Curtis Fenton came on the line, his usual formal and always polite self. Curtis Fenton came on the line, his usual formal and always polite self. There was no one on the island but their eight selves. There was no one on the island but their eight selves.CF.: It makes me sick to even think about it. It makes me sick to even think about it.

Comments Распространение расщепленных сочетаний существительных A founding congress has opened in Moscow of a new political alliance (BBC) – постпозитивное определение A trial has begun in South Korea of former President S. – постпозитивное определение He constructed a letter that observed the, to Occidentals, subtle politeness of Japan - между артиклем и определением comparable facilities to ours (BBC) - при вклинении в определение определяемого существительного She … enjoyed the feeling it gave her of being in the artistic know - во фразеологических словосочетаниях

Местоимение – стилистические расхождения Who do you want to save? (разговорный и нейтральный) Whom do you suggest should do it? (do you think/suppose) – разговорный стиль Who knows the answer? (= Кто-нибудь знает ответ?) Who knows the answer? (= Кто-нибудь знает ответ?) Who know the answer? (= Кто из вас знает ответ?) Who know the answer? (= Кто из вас знает ответ?) Neither of us likes him. (нейтр.) Neither of us likes him. (нейтр.) Neither of us like him. (разг.) Neither of us like him. (разг.) Each girl wore what she liked best. (нейтр.) Each girl wore what she liked best. (нейтр.) Each girl wore what they liked best. (разг.) Each girl wore what they liked best. (разг.) Each of them explained it in his/her own way. (нейтр.) Each of them explained it in his/her own way. (нейтр.) Each of them explained it in their own way. (разг.) Each of them explained it in their own way. (разг.) No one could have blamed themselves for that. (разг.) No one could have blamed themselves for that. (разг.)

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий Образуют аналитические формы (more, most): common, quiet, cruel, subtle, clever, profound, simple, pleasant, stupid, tender, crude, plain, keen, true common, quiet, cruel, subtle, clever, profound, simple, pleasant, stupid, tender, crude, plain, keen, true (разг.)more good-looking = better-looking, more well-known = better- known (разг.)more good-looking = better-looking, more well-known = better- known Mauds the nicest of the two. Mauds the nicest of the two. She works (the) hardest; her husband doesnt know what work is. She works (the) hardest; her husband doesnt know what work is. Which mountain is (the) highest? Which mountain is (the) highest? Who climbed (the) highest? Who climbed (the) highest? He behaves the most politely. (of all boys) He behaves the most politely. (of all boys) He behaves most politely. (весьма вежливо) He behaves most politely. (весьма вежливо) This book is very much about women (BBC) (…главным образом…) This book is very much about women (BBC) (…главным образом…) It was very much to the taste of the public (BBC) (…весьма…) It was very much to the taste of the public (BBC) (…весьма…)

HAVE The company has not a reputation for efficiency (устар., письменная форма официально- делового стиля) Weve a swimming pool in the village (краткая форма в нейтральном стиле) Have you the money? (еще встречаются) Have you the money? (еще встречаются) Had you the money? (встречаются крайне редко) Had you the money? (встречаются крайне редко) We havent got any bananas. (в данный момент в магазине нет) We dont have bananas. (магазин вообще не торгует бананами)

MAY Круг предложений с may в значении вероятности и разрешения постепенно сужается. Наибольшую устойчивость проявляют клише, выражающие вероятность типа: Круг предложений с may в значении вероятности и разрешения постепенно сужается. Наибольшую устойчивость проявляют клише, выражающие вероятность типа: May God have mercy on your soul. May God have mercy on your soul. May it please the court. May it please the court. May all your troubles be little ones. May all your troubles be little ones. Who may you be? Who may you be? Who may I say is calling? Who may I say is calling? What may that mean? What may that mean? А также просьбы с May I? А также просьбы с May I?

WANT You want to take it easy! (формирование у глагола want модального оттенка, разговорный стиль) You want to take it easy! (формирование у глагола want модального оттенка, разговорный стиль)

WILL, SHALL Вытеснение редуцированной формы shant формами shall not, will not, wont Вытеснение редуцированной формы shant формами shall not, will not, wont В разговорном стиле BE при образовании форм будущего времени глагол will под вытесняет глагол shall (will - 4 раза на одну тысячу слов в устной речи, shall – 3 раза на десять тысяч слов). В разговорном стиле BE при образовании форм будущего времени глагол will под вытесняет глагол shall (will - 4 раза на одну тысячу слов в устной речи, shall – 3 раза на десять тысяч слов).

WILL, SHALL В разговорном стиле наблюдается тенденция заменять shall глаголами do, should и такими, использование которых ведет к изменению конструкции: В разговорном стиле наблюдается тенденция заменять shall глаголами do, should и такими, использование которых ведет к изменению конструкции: Shall I read? Shall I read? Shall I come tomorrow? (нейтр.) Shall I come tomorrow? (нейтр.) Should I come tomorrow? (разг.) Should I come tomorrow? (разг.) Would you like me to come tomorrow? (разг.) Would you like me to come tomorrow? (разг.)

WILL, SHALL Глагол will - увеличение частотности его использования в условных придаточных предложениях в качестве модального в значении повторяющегося действия, часто вызывающего раздражение: I feel sick. – Well, if you will eat so much, Im not surprised. I feel sick. – Well, if you will eat so much, Im not surprised. А также для выражения высокой степени уверенности: He will be home by now. He will be home by now. You will know that they are engaged. You will know that they are engaged.

BE Отмечаются случаи использования do в качестве вспомогательного при глаголе be: Отмечаются случаи использования do в качестве вспомогательного при глаголе be: Parvisol has sent me a Bill as I orderd him; wch I hope will serve me & bring me over, pray Gd [....]7 does not be delayd for it; but I have had very little from him this long time. Parvisol has sent me a Bill as I orderd him; wch I hope will serve me & bring me over, pray Gd [....]7 does not be delayd for it; but I have had very little from him this long time. Did littering the streets not once be considered breaking the law? Did littering the streets not once be considered breaking the law? (Does everyone get cards from others and be obliged to say, No idea who they are? (Does everyone get cards from others and be obliged to say, No idea who they are?

BE We agree that particular students do be flogged. We agree that particular students do be flogged. I do not feel quite certain that little Tom will not be more reconciled to school by the end of the week. If he does not, however, I suppose you cannot come to Italy. I do not feel quite certain that little Tom will not be more reconciled to school by the end of the week. If he does not, however, I suppose you cannot come to Italy. If you dont be careful, youll … If you dont be careful, youll … I read your letter to-day and I could have cried to think you sometimes feel so far away, but one thing you need never feel, that you dont live and talk and be here just as much as if you were. I read your letter to-day and I could have cried to think you sometimes feel so far away, but one thing you need never feel, that you dont live and talk and be here just as much as if you were. If the taxi driver …was having a dig at me … why didnt he stop and be a witness? If the taxi driver …was having a dig at me … why didnt he stop and be a witness?

BE Псевдоповелительные конструкции типа Why dont you be … ? уже не отмечаются как нестандартые: Псевдоповелительные конструкции типа Why dont you be … ? уже не отмечаются как нестандартые: Whos they? Why dont you all get together and be they yourselves? Whos they? Why dont you all get together and be they yourselves?

Грамматикализация вспомогательных глаголов См. Word File Grammaticalisation См. Word File Grammaticalisation

MUST Must + have to (выражение вывода, который говорящий делает на основе знании им ситуации в настоящем или прошлом): Must + have to (выражение вывода, который говорящий делает на основе знании им ситуации в настоящем или прошлом): I cant star the computer. You must have to know a password. I cant star the computer. You must have to know a password. He wasnt at home. He must have had to go out unexpectedly. He wasnt at home. He must have had to go out unexpectedly.

NEED, HAVE TO neednt do - отсутствие необходимости, обусловленное решением говорящего neednt do - отсутствие необходимости, обусловленное решением говорящего dont have to do - отсутствие необходимости, обусловленное либо внешними не зависящими от говорящего обстоятельствами, либо решением об отсутствии необходимости, принятым другим лицом: dont have to do - отсутствие необходимости, обусловленное либо внешними не зависящими от говорящего обстоятельствами, либо решением об отсутствии необходимости, принятым другим лицом: As you worked late yesterday you neednt come in until tomorrow morning (решение говорящего) As you worked late yesterday you neednt come in until tomorrow morning (решение говорящего) Weve been told that we dont have to be at work until tomorrow (ссылка на решение другого лица) Weve been told that we dont have to be at work until tomorrow (ссылка на решение другого лица)

PAST INDEFINITE Past Indefinite - выражение скромности при обращении: Past Indefinite - выражение скромности при обращении: How much did you want today? – вместо Do you want Аналогичным образом употребляются и глаголы I wanted/thought/hoped.

PAST INDEFINITE - ЭМФАЗА I never spoke better. (on that occasion) I never spoke better. (on that occasion) I have never spoken better. (on this occasion) I have never spoken better. (on this occasion) I think its one of the most delightful things that ever was written. I think its one of the most delightful things that ever was written. Did you ever see such a sight in your life as three blind mice? Did you ever see such a sight in your life as three blind mice? I never spoke to her in my life. I never spoke to her in my life. She has bad nights recently. She has bad nights recently. Hes got his two-finger ball.., fastest ball you ever see. Hes got his two-finger ball.., fastest ball you ever see.

Ослабление связи традиционных маркеров с соответствующими временами It is nearly two months since J.V. joined. It is nearly two months since J.V. joined. Since when do you allow reporters to say… Since when do you allow reporters to say… I feel since then that Im in the know. I feel since then that Im in the know. Its a long time since breakfast. (since + noun) Its a long time since breakfast. (since + noun) He (had) already walked to school before I could offer him a ride. He (had) already walked to school before I could offer him a ride. I ate lunch after my wife came (had come) home. I ate lunch after my wife came (had come) home.

Распространение -ing форм I am feeling fine. (чувствовать себя) I am feeling fine. (чувствовать себя) You will be hearing from your lawyer shortly. (получать известия) You will be hearing from your lawyer shortly. (получать известия) Даже: Are you hearing me? (BBC) Даже: Are you hearing me? (BBC) The matron (at Guys Hospital) does not know all she should be knowing about this affair. The matron (at Guys Hospital) does not know all she should be knowing about this affair. I feel Im knowing the city for the first time. (узнавать) I feel Im knowing the city for the first time. (узнавать) Gene is looking healthy these days (временное, недавно достигнутое состояние) Gene is looking healthy these days (временное, недавно достигнутое состояние)

-ing формы Глаголы в форме Continuous выражают действие с оттенком меньшей определенности, официальности, чем глаголы в форме Indefinite: Глаголы в форме Continuous выражают действие с оттенком меньшей определенности, официальности, чем глаголы в форме Indefinite: I hope you can lend me $10. (Надеюсь…) I hope you can lend me $10. (Надеюсь…) I am hoping you can lend me $10. (Хотел бы надеяться …) I am hoping you can lend me $10. (Хотел бы надеяться …) Please, let us know what time you plan to arrive. (планируете) Please, let us know what time you plan to arrive. (планируете) What time are you planning to arrive? (собираетесь) What time are you planning to arrive? (собираетесь) I look forward to seeing you. (буду ждать новой встречи) I look forward to seeing you. (буду ждать новой встречи) I am looking forward to seeing you again. (буду рад увидеться) I am looking forward to seeing you again. (буду рад увидеться)

-ing формы You are finishing that soup! You are finishing that soup! And get this through your head: I am not working in any dairy, I am not getting out in the sunshine. And get this through your head: I am not working in any dairy, I am not getting out in the sunshine. He was coming to see me yesterday (собирался, но не пришел) He was coming to see me yesterday (собирался, но не пришел) Will you be using the car tomorrow? Will you be using the car tomorrow? I wont see him again (два толкования – «я его больше не увижу»; «я не хочу его больше видеть») I wont see him again (два толкования – «я его больше не увижу»; «я не хочу его больше видеть») I wont be seeing him again («я его больше не увижу»). I wont be seeing him again («я его больше не увижу»).

-ing формы Формы глагола в Future Perfect Continuous могут использоваться и с оттенком модального значения для выражения предположения говорящего о том, что могло происходить в определенный момент времени в прошлом: Формы глагола в Future Perfect Continuous могут использоваться и с оттенком модального значения для выражения предположения говорящего о том, что могло происходить в определенный момент времени в прошлом: Motorist Alan Hesketh will have been asking himself whether speed cameras are a good idea after he was fined $400 last week for driving at 33 mph in a 30 mph zone. Motorist Alan Hesketh will have been asking himself whether speed cameras are a good idea after he was fined $400 last week for driving at 33 mph in a 30 mph zone.

наклонение Все большее распространение в BE синтетических форм сослагательного наклонения и даже изъявительного наклонения в предложениях типа: Все большее распространение в BE синтетических форм сослагательного наклонения и даже изъявительного наклонения в предложениях типа: I insist that he do it. I insist that he do it. I insist that he be admitted …. I insist that he be admitted …. I insist that a meeting be held. I insist that a meeting be held. It is essential that nuclear weapons are banned. It is essential that nuclear weapons are banned.