Automobiles in the USSR

GAZ M-20 "Pobeda" Work on the creation of a radically new car began at the Gorky Automobile even during the war. Led the design of the machine that was originally planned to name the GAZ- 25 "Motherland", the chief designer Andrey Lipgart. It was assumed that the car will have two options: a four- and six-cylinder engine, but in the end, it was decided to retain only the four-cylinder version, as more simple and economical. In June 1945 ready prototype was demonstrated to Joseph Stalin, this demonstration was approved launching models into production, her name was enshrined GAZ-M-20 "Victory".

The official launch took place on the assembly line, as planned, in June 1946, but it was, in fact, a piece production by-pass technology. Of mass production "Victory" was very slow, largely due to the fact that the car is significantly different from anything that produced the Soviet car industry until now. In 1946 was 23, in , and in cars. At some time in the 1948 edition was even suspended for completion design of the machine. GAZ-M-20 "Victory" was carrying the body (the first Soviet car) type "fastback" with a sloping rear. It was one of the first in the world body of so-called "pontoon" type - no protruding wings and footboards. Under the hood of the car was a four-engine capacity of 2.1 liters and 50 liters capacity. s. It was combined with a three-stage non- synchronized gearbox, which in 1950 was received synchronizers second and third gear.

ZIM (GAZ-12) GAZ-12 "ZIM" released in years. In 1948 it was decided to create a new car, it would take an intermediate position between "victory" and ZIS-110. Was given 29 months to be designing and building the car of mass production. For powertrain designers possessed forced to hp version of GAZ-51 engine, which was clearly not enough for a car of this class. Yield was decreasing the weight of the car, by abandoning the traditional frame of such large machines. "ZIM" (under the name of the plant - the plant named after Molotov) became the world's first vehicle with three rows of seats, load-bearing body. The car is used a lot of units and mechanisms of already produced vehicles.

ZIM (until 1957), GAZ-12 - Soviet sextuple testiomony large long- wheelbase sedan, serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant (Plant named after Molotov) from 1949 po (some modifications - to 1960.) ZIM - first representative model of the Gorky automobile plant. The predecessor of "Seagull" GAZ-13. Basically it was used as a utility vehicle for the Soviet party and government of the item at the level of the Minister, Secretary of the regional Committee and Chairman of the regional Executive Committee and above, in some cases, were sold for personal use Just from 1949 to 1959 was released copies ZIM / GAZ-12 all modifications

GAZ-21 GAZ-21 "Volga" - the Soviet passenger car of middle class, serially produced at the Gorky automobile plant in 1956, in 1957 to Factory model index - initial GAS-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21. All were released copies of all modifications. Technically, the car was a successful from the point of view of operating conditions in the USSR passenger car. The design of the "Volga" all releases" there were a lot of archaic even for those years traits. In particular, the "Volga" with great delay came telescopic shock-absorbers.

Requirements to the car from the beginning were very specific due to objective consideration of the conditions of production and operation of vehicles in the USSR. Future "Volga" was to be modern, dynamic, comfortable car, capable of developing high for those times speed on highways with "improved" coating with high efficiency, and this is to successfully cope with not the former in those years uncommon areas of heavy off- road, to be structurally simple and not require a particularly high qualification of the staff.

GAZ-13 "Chaika" GAZ-13 Chaika - Soviet passenger car class with a body type of limousine. Was designed to replace the car GAZ-12 ZIM. Mass production at the Gorky Automobile Plant in years. On the creation of "The Seagull" worked great creative team of designers, engineers, test plant: VS Solovyev, NA Jushmanov, G. Ponomarev, VV Gnetnev, P. E. Sirkin and others. "The Seagull" was substandard both in design and by the abundance of technological innovation. Most constructive solutions of this machine were novelties in the domestic automotive industry. Car engine volume of 5.5 liters and power 195 hp was overhead and had a double row V-arranged cylinders. Even fully loaded car easily overclocked to 160 km / h and was spending a hundred kilometers just 21 liters of fuel. Working mixture prepared quad.

Plant designers used brand new units - automatic transmission, power steering, brake servo. By the number of technical innovations the car has surpassed all previous domestic models. Bearing element of "The Seagull" was X-shaped frame without side spars. On it, through rubber cushions, in sixteen points fastened body. Apply torsion bar suspension, Soviet designers did not dare - Chassis had regular independent spring suspension front and rear longitudinal semi-elliptic leaf springs.

GAZ-24 "Volga" GAZ-24 "Volga" is a Soviet medium truck, serially produced at the Gorky automobile plant from 1967 to In 1958, work began on creating a vehicle to replace the GAZ-21. General Designer - AM Nevzorov designers - LI Tsikolenko and NI Kireev. The car was originally designed for different types of engines - upgraded four of GAZ-21, the newly developed three-liter V6, V8 had in our production of GAZ-23, as well - a four-cylinder diesel engine to 1963 was built to search two plasticine models, very different in appearance. By 1964, the appearance of the car as a whole has developed mostly completed and the development of the aggregate.

Moskvich-400 Moskvich Soviet passenger car small displacement produced by the plant small cars in Moscow (PCA later - MZMA) from December 1946 to Was originally a complete analog issued at years in Germany owned American company General Motors now Adam Opel A.G. car Opel Kadett K38, whose design was recreated after the war on the basis of the Soviet side on reparation agreements documentation and tooling, as well as preserved specimens. Moskvich improved version, produced from 1954 to Was released 216,006 sedans and 17,742 convertible. Retail selling price "Moskvich-400" was 8000 rubles, "Moskvich-401" rubles.

Moskvich-403 Moskvich Soviet passenger small car that was produced at the Moscow plant small cars (MZMA) from December 1962 to July Was a transitional model between which were in the pipeline until 1963 "Moskvich-407" and the car "Moskvich-408", which went into production in In all there were 105,726 Muscovites-403 with modifications. Importantly, the "Moskvich-403" base model had virtually no external differences from the "Moskvich-407", except for the rear lights, which were threefold return bipartite. Only so-called "export" (actually exported often offer both options clearance as different configuration) modification - M- 403E - had changed design - wide radiator grille with rectangular contours, as amended ("double decker") sidewall molding, painted under body-color rear lights, door mirrors.

Moskvich-412 Moskvich Soviet and Russian small car group II, manufactured in the factory in Moscow MZMA later renamed AZLK, from 1967 to 1977 and an automobile factory in Izhevsk from 1968 to 2001 (standard on 1997). Was essentially a modification of the model of "Moskvich- 408", produced for many years together with her and later jointly with her family has been upgraded to "Moskvich- 2140/2138." Installing the chassis "408th" model of modern and significantly more powerful engine significantly increased dynamic performance while maintaining efficiency bringing them up to high for this class even by Western European standards.

VAZ-2101 "Lada" VAZ-2101 "Lada" - Soviet rear-drive small car sedan type. The first model released at the Volga Automobile Plant. On the basis of the VAZ-2101 was created by the so-called "classical" family of cars VAZ, which was on the line to 17 September For the release of this model in May 1972 Volga Automobile Plant was awarded the International Prize "Golden Mercury". In 2000, VAZ-2101 was named best domestic car XX century on the results of a nationwide survey conducted by the magazine "At the wheel". Total production time (from 1970 to 1988) Volga automobile plant produced 4.85 million cars VAZ-2101 all modifications notchback.

VAZ-2103 VAZ Soviet RWD sedan small group II. Was developed in conjunction with the Italian company Fiat-based models Fiat 124 and serially produced at the Volga Automobile Plant from 1972 to Export VAZ-2103 was called Lada Fiat 124, which became the prototype models of VAZ-2101 and VAZ-2103 was first unveiled in 1964 and mass production started in Italy in The following year, 1967 was submitted by a higher class car with a similar design - Fiat 125. It is these ready, already utilized in the production of solutions have been presented of the Soviet delegation at the signing of the agreement on the draft of the Volga Automobile Plant, which stipulated that "Fiat" will provide, along with the technical design of the plant, complete documentation for two cars: 1 ("norm" ) and number 2 ("luxury").

VAZ-2106 VAZ-2106 ("Lada 2106» / «Lada 1600") - Soviet Russia and rear wheel drive car group III small class sedan type, which is a modification of VAZ-2103 and unreleased Volga automobile plant from 1976 to In 1998 production was partially transferred to the company "RosLada" Syzran, in 2001, Anto-Rus in Kherson, Ukraine, and in the factory "IzhAuto" Izhevsk, where continued until removal from the conveyor model December 28, One of the most widespread and popular domestic cars - all made and assembled at different factories over 4.3 million units.

VAZ-2109 Samara VAZ-2109 "Sputnik» / Samara (more informal. Called "Nine") - a small car group II with a hatchback. Developed and commercially produced at the Volga Automobile Plant in years. From 2007 until the end of 2011 version of VAZ was assembled from kits in the Ukraine at the "ZAZ". Is a 5-door version VAZ-2108 in the family of models Lada "Sputnik". The car was launched in the year Originally the car was equipped with in-line 4-cylinder 8-valve carburetor petrol engines in 1100, 1300 and 1500 cm ³. In 1991, a new design of the "front end" of the machine. Cars with front design started immediately after the release of the first production sedan VAZ Since 1994, these machines were also installed 4-cylinder 8-valve petrol engines VAZ cm ³, which used fuel injection system with fuel injection.

ZIL-111 ZIL Soviet passenger car bodies with top class "long wheelbase sedan", "limousine" and "shay" small batches assembled at the factory Likhachev Moscow from 1959 to In all there were 112 copies of all modifications. By the end of the forties "main" car of the Soviet state - ZIS totally out of date, both external and technically, and could not fully carry out executive functions did not fit the image of the Soviet Union as a world superpower. In 1948 was built ZIS- 110M chassis number 5 represents the chassis serial ZIS-110, which was installed on the vehicle body more contemporary forms - with a pontoon sidewall, stylistically similar to "Victory" or «Packard» Model It was just a prototype. At his factory informally sometimes called the ZIS-111, but officially it is under this name did not appear anywhere.

ZIL-117 ZIL-117 Soviet passenger car with a top class sedan. Successor - ZIL ( ). In common parlance - "chlenovoz." ZIL-117 was created in 1971 on the basis of a government limousine ZIL-114 and had the same rigorous and harmonious forms. Despite the reduction in length and wheelbase, silhouette machine was swift and elegant, fully conform to the image of the automobile ZIL officious s. Externally ZIL-117 also differed otherwise decorated the front of the body. In addition to black, the car was stained in dark blue and dark cherry color. Officially (default version) ZIL-117 was created as a more dynamic, fast and agile with respect to the limousine ZIL- 114 vehicle tracking.

UAZ-469 UAZ-469 and UAZ Soviet cargo- terrain vehicles (SUVs), which were issued at the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant. The main vehicle commander in the Soviet Army, as well as in the countries of the Warsaw Pact, since the mid-1970s, replaced in that capacity predecessor GAZ-69. Serial production models UAZ- 469 and UAZ-469B launched in December 1972, before that since 1964 have been several pilot series. In 1985 began production of the upgraded model of UAZ-3151 with normalized industry index. Its release in 2003 was limited to the reducer (3151) and export (31512, and 31519) versions in connection with the transition to the upgraded model of UAZ "Hunter" for the domestic market.

ZAZ-966 ZAZ-966 "Zaporozhets" - Soviet passenger compact car. Produced at the car factory "Kommunar" in Zaporozhye from 1967 to 1972 with modifications. Development of a new car model in Kiev began almost simultaneously with the setting on the conveyor ZAZ-965 in the spring of In November of the same year a prototype was demonstrated at ENEA. However, the lack of experience of the designers of the plant (the previous model developed MZMA team in cooperation with the U.S.), as well as other factors delayed the introduction of new models in production: the first serial "The Cossacks" second generation rolled off the assembly line only in 1966, and adapted for a new body engine from the previous model. These cars received index ZAZ-966V; the letter "B" meant "temporary", indicating that the unit MeMZ- 966V ("thirty") of 887 cm ³ and a power of 30 hp will soon be replaced by a new, specially designed for the car model.

ZAZ-965 ZAZ Soviet subcompact car produced from 1960 to ZAZ-965A - modification with an engine capacity of 27 hp, produced from November 1962 to In all there were [1] all vehicle modifications. After withdrawing from the production in 1956, "Moskvich- 401" in the Soviet type "cars are" turned vacant place easy, inexpensive and economical car, designed for two to four people. Next model MZMA - "Moskvich- 402" - was significantly larger, roomier and more powerful than its predecessor, but at the same time and are significantly more expensive (retail price rubles, in 9000 instead of the M-401, and appeared a few years later M-407 cost for rubles).