PERSONALITY ADJECTIVES How would you describe people? - презентация

1 PERSONALITY ADJECTIVES How would you describe people?

2 WHAT IS SHE /HE LIKE ? WHAT DOES SHE/HE LOOK LIKE? character traits behavior manners emotional reaction CHALLENGE: to describe a person What are the most important things to point out? DESCRIBING CHARACTER The way we think or act. DESCRIBING APPEARANCE The way we look. (individuality), манерах (manners), персоне (persona), личности (personality), чертах характера (traits). Ваша эмоциональна я реакция (your emotional reaction) определяет ваш характер. Исходя из того, что вы говорите, что вы делаете, и даже - что думаете, можно определить, какой у вас тип характера (type of character). AGE EYES HEIGHT WEIGHT BUILD HAIR FACE CLOTHES A big big cheese : important and influential. A blackleg: carries on working when other workers are on strike. A busybody: always wants to know about other peoples private life. A chatterbox: cant stop talking. A daredevil: loves taking risks and doing dangerous things. A figurehead: is head or chief but in name only as he/she has no real power. A gatecrasher: turns up at a party without being invited to it. A general dogsbody: has a low position in a company and gets all the boring jobs that no one else wants to do. телосложение facial features (eyes, eyebrow, nose, mouth, teeth, ears, beard or moustache, other) absolutely crazyбезумный как шляпный мастер, как мартовский заяц - совершенно безумный, совсем помешавшийся A big cheese : important and influential person. A busybody: always wants to know about other peoples private life. A chatterbox: cant stop talking. A daredevil: loves taking risks and doing dangerous things. as cunning as a fox as happy as a dog with two tails as mad as a hatter as safe as the Bank of England focusing on physical appearance, but character.

3 Stage 0-1 amisarewaswere a baby 1- 2 a toddler a child a teenager, a young person, in her/his teens 14 early in early teens 18 + an adult in her/his twenties to be twenty something In early twenties mid mid twenties in your thirties 38 late In late thirties 40+ middle-aged; in middle age 75+ old, elderly person, senior citizenAGE people are retirement (= when people stop work; they are retired) (you can also use) возраст от двадцати до двадцати девяти лет teens (13 -> about 17) (20 -> 23) mid-thirties (34-> 36) late fifties (57 -> 59) in his/her 30s/40s:

4 возраст от двадцати до двадцати девяти лет 1. I have already turned eighteen. She turns twenty next year. 2. Young people under 18 are prohibited to buy alcohol in RF. 3. I am nearly eighteen, soon I will get my drivers license. 4. My cousin is over sixteen. He has already got his drivers license and bought a car. 5. Jane is two years younger than her cousin, she is still too young to go to school. 6. She turned 18 last year, it means she is already of age. 7. Madonna is a superstar, though she is pushing He is in early forties, and he is in his prime. + age to turn + age становиться ….-летнего возраста Так мы сообщаем сколько лет нам исполнилось или исполнится. + age to be under + age быть моложе …лет Сообщаем о возрасте, к которому приближаемся. + age to be nearly + age быть почти …-летнего возраста. + age to be over + age быть старше … лет. Таким образом мы сообщаем, что нам уже за … to be …. years younger/older than someone – быть на …. года (лет) младше/старше, чем кто-либо Таким образом мы сообщаем о разнице в возрасте с кем- либо. to be of age/to come of ageстановиться совершеннолетним + age to be pushing + age значит, что возраст приближается к … to be in ones prime– в расцвете сил

5 mid early late early teens late teens pushing 20 · DESCRIBING PEOPLE AGE: Hes about 20. Shes in her thirties. early Shes in her mid- forties late · Slide 3 · DESCRIBING PEOPLE - AGE Shes in her early twenties. Shes 22. · Slide 4 · DESCRIBING PEOPLE - AGE Hes in his late twenties. Hes 28. · Slide 5 · DESCRIBING PEOPLE - AGE Hes in his mid- forties. Hes 44. · Slide 6 · DESCRIBING PEOPLE - AGE Shes in her early sixties. Shes 63. · Slide 7 · DESCRIBING PEOPLE - AGE Hes in his late seventies. Hes 79. · Slide 8 · DESCRIBING PEOPLE - AGE Hes in his early nineties. Hes mid teens in one's teens To be in one's teens (from 10 to 19) in one's twenties or twenty something To be in one's twenties or twenty something (from 20 to 30) early twenties pushing 30 late twenties mid twenties be of age be over 30AGE

6 BUILD People are built in all shapes and sizes. There are those who are fat and overweight. Some people are extremely overweight and are obese. Other people are naturally slim, but others look have absolutely no fat on them and are thin, or skinny. Personally, I am stocky – small, but well-built. My father is tall and lean – with very little fat. My sister is short, but wiry – she is quite thin, but muscular. Both my brothers are athletic and well- proportioned. My mother looks like a 1940's film star. She is curvaceous, with an hour-glass figure. My grandfather is fit for his age and takes plenty of exercise. He doesn't want all his muscles to get flabby. We also have the words: chubby (упитанный ) to describe fat children; husky (здоровяк) or heavyset (грузный) to describe fat men; plump (пухленькая) or curvy (с пышными формами) to describe fat women If you want to say a specific part of the body is fat, you can say it is flabby (дряблый, не в форме) – for example, I hate my flabby belly. Thin is a general word meaning that someone has little fat on their body. It is usually, but not always, disapproving He's much too thin. Teenage girls all seem to want to be thin.Slim means thin in an attractive way her lovely slim figureSkinny is a fairly informal word meaning very thin, which is usually disapproving ridiculously skinny modelsSlender, lean, and slight are used mostly in written English.Slender means thin in an attractive and graceful way long slender legsLean means thin and looking strong and fit a tall, lean athleteSlight means thin and delicate-looking Her brother was very slight and looked younger than he was. People are built in all shapes and sizes. fat, medium-sized and overweight (избыточный вес). Some people are extremely overweight and are obese (страдающий ожирением). There are those who are horizontally gifted (пышный). horizontally challenged (испытывающий трудности из-за форм) horizontally gifted (пышный). horizontally challenged (испытывающий трудности из-за форм) как политкорректного компонента: испытывающий затруднения, недостаточно развитый; преодолевающий трудности из-за, обладающий иными возможностями, с проблемами в, с ограниченными возможностями. weight

7 BUILD People are built in all shapes and sizes. There are those who are fat and overweight. Some people are extremely overweight and are obese. Personally, I am stocky – small, but well-built. My father is tall and lean – with very little fat. My sister is short, but wiry – she is quite thin, but muscular. Both my brothers are athletic and well- proportioned. My mother looks like a 1940's film star. She is curvaceous, with an hour-glass figure. My grandfather is fit for his age and takes plenty of exercise. He doesn't want all his muscles to get flabby. We also have the words: chubby (упитанный ) to describe fat children; husky (здоровяк) or heavyset (грузный) to describe fat men; plump (пухленькая) or curvy (с пышными формами) to describe fat women If you want to say a specific part of the body is fat, you can say it is flabby (дряблый, не в форме) – for example, I hate my flabby belly. Thin is a general word meaning that someone has little fat on their body. It is usually, but not always, disapproving He's much too thin. Teenage girls all seem to want to be thin.Slim means thin in an attractive way her lovely slim figureSkinny is a fairly informal word meaning very thin, which is usually disapproving ridiculously skinny models Slender, lean, and slight are used mostly in written English.Slender means thin in an attractive and graceful way long slender legsLean means thin and looking strong and fit a tall, lean athleteSlight means thin and delicate-looking Her brother was very slight and looked younger than he was. well-built (с хорошей фигурой), slim (стройная, изящная) or slender (стройная ), but some look have absolutely no fat and are thin (худощавая), lean (тощий) or skinny (кожа да кости). Other people are: vertically challenged (низкорослый) как политкорректного компонента: испытывающий затруднения, недостаточно развитый; преодолевающий трудности из-за, обладающий иными возможностями, с проблемами в, с ограниченными возможностями. she/he is tall, very tall, quite tall, one meter tall, not very tall, short she/he is of average height, of medium height, middle height weight appearance There are some words to describe a persons appearance: beautiful (прекрасная) – in English, this word is mostly used for women. To describe beautiful women, we also have the words pretty (симпатичная), lovely (очаровательная), gorgeous (ослепительная), and stunning (сногсшибательная). We use the word handsome («интересный») for men. Muscular /athletic The words attractive, good-looking, cute (миловидный) can be used for both men and women. height

8 FACE eyelid

9 Complexion refers to the natural color, texture, and appearance of the skin, especially that of the face.FACEfaircomplexion pale complexio n tannedskin olivecomplexion darkcomplexion

10 heart-shapedoblongroundsquareovalFACENOSE narrow wide a pale complexion a dark complexion upturned (turn-up) snub hooked Greek straight crooked Roman Курносый long short medium-sized Flat (Nubian) pointed nose button nose нос пуговкой

11 EYES Wide-Set/Close-Set / deep-set with overhang eyelids

12 HAIR Wide-Set/Close-Set / deep-set upturned (turn-up) snub hooked Greek straight crooked Roman Курносый long short medium-sized Flat (Nubian) pointed nose button nose нос пуговкой dark fair light/dark brown blonde grey red/ginger chestnut She is a multicolor- haired girl. fringe (AmE: bang) She wears her hair in a bun. He wears flattop hairstyle She braids her hair

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14 Vin Diesel (as) bald as an egg flat cheeks Johnny Depp nubiannose Ronald Weasley (Rupert Grint) ginger-headed Nubian nose Eddie Murphy Afro-American Shakira Whoopi Goldberg flatcheeks

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16 1. call Angie and tell _______her 2. tell me _______ yourself 3. she is going _______ a party 4. a lot _______ overtime 5. thank you _______ your time 6. are you ready _______ a party 7. I must get _______ work 8. just moved _______ London 9. hate talking _______ strangers 10. stay _______ tonight 11. meet _______ some new people 12. Id like to work _______ your company 13. a lot of experience _______ management 14. I like working _______ long hours 15. look forward _______ Angies party 16. Have you heard _______ John? 17. Sue is very kind _______ her friends? 18. Josh moved _______ London two years ago. 19.Mr. Smith works _______ Mr. Hoper. 20. Why dont we stay _______ home tonight? получать известие от иметь сведения o Dialogues (SB) p. 99 Ex. 5 p.59 (WB)

17 получать известие от иметь сведения o Dialogues (SB) p. 100 Ex. 6b 1. Эта женщина должно быть Ваша сестра 2. Такие же ямочки как у Вас 3. Глаза как у отца 4. Веди себя прилично 5. Я имею в виду 6. Выглядит хорошо для своего возраста 7. Они совсем не похожи 8. Он весь в маму 1. This woman must be your sister 2. The same dimples as you 3. Eyes like his dad 4. Behave yourself! 5. I mean… 6. Looks very good for his age 7. They are totally different 8. He takes after his mum

18 10 19 Text Click to add title in here Educated person who works in politics and is able to think logically A person who provides entertainment and organizes activities such as sports at a holiday centre or tourist attraction. Dancing, acting and playing games are just a few of the duties of an animator. A person who treats the patient by cutting the infected part and treating it. A person who "test- hacks" a company's software to make sure it is secure. Politician Hotel animator Surgeon Professional hacker Facilitator Consultant Psychologist Social Worker Counselor Teacher Clergy Sales Representative Human Resources Manager Events Coordinator Sales Representative Politician Diplomat Writer Genuinely and warmly interested in people Value people's feelings Value structure and organization Value harmony, and good at creating it Exceptionally good people skills Dislike impersonal logic and analysis Strong organizational capabilities Loyal and honest Creative and imaginative Enjoy variety and new challenges Get personal satisfaction from helping others Extremely sensitive to criticism and discord Need approval from others to feel good about themselves массовик-затейник WHICH CHARACTER TRAITS REFER TO THESE PROFESSIONS If you are ….. you would probably be a ….

19 The human body is a wonderful piece of work that has ever been created. It is not beautiful like the body of a butterfly and a peacock but it is shaped practically, it also can do many types of work which other animals cannot. Although it is not strong like the body of a tiger, in place of physical strength it has a big and sharp brain. And by using this brain the human physique has been able to overcome many of its limitations. By sitting in an airplane it flies faster than a bird, by riding a motorcycle it travels faster than a leopard, as well as by firing a machine gun it fights much better than a tiger. However, the human body suffers from many diseases because it has a weakness for habits. In addition to smoking and drinking it overeats. When it is healthy the body can give great pleasure but when it is sick it can cause great pain. The wise man should always keep his body fit because a healthy mind can work only in a healthy body. The Human Body addtion and, also, even, again, moreover, further, furthermore, s imilarly, in addition, as well as adds ideas in support of the main idea It is very hot today; moreover, there is a power outage. Find the sentence that: speaks of the contrast of beauty and strength between animals and the human body. that contrasts the strength of the human body with its weaknesses. that illustrates the weaknesses of human body by naming them. that tells us what happens at the time the body is healthy or sick. that states the reason for keeping the body fit and healthy. Some of the linkers in the paragraph are but, in spite of, such as, when, because. But is a linker that speaks of the contrast of beauty and strength between animals and the human body. In spite of is also a linker that contrasts the strength of the human body with its weaknesses. Such as is a linker that illustrates the weaknesses of human body by naming them. When is a time linker that tells us what happens at the time the body is healthy or sick. Because is a linker that states the reason for keeping the body fit and healthy. stbut, however, yet, still, even though, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, after all, for all of that, on the contrary, notwithstandin g, in contrast, unlike, wherea s, instead of, alternatively, although identifies differences between two ideas Raj did not perform well in the exam; nevertheles s, he got a distinction in English. but also The human body is a wonderful piece of work that has ever been created. It is not beautiful like the body of a butterfly and a peacock but it is shaped practically it also can do many types of work which other animals cannot. Although And Although it is not strong like the body of a tiger, in place of physical strength it has a big and sharp brain. And by using this brain the human physique has been able to overcome many of its limitations. as well as By sitting in an airplane it flies faster than a bird, by riding a motorcycle it travels faster than a leopard, as well as by firing a machine gun it fights much better than a tiger. However In addition to but However, the human body suffers from many diseases because it has a weakness for habits. In addition to smoking and drinking it overeats. When it is healthy the body can give great pleasure but when it is sick it can cause great pain. The wise man should always keep his body fit because a healthy mind can work only in a healthy body.

20 Linkers Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the text with another. They connect the ideas logically. Why are they used?contrastbuthoweveralthough identifies differences between two ideasadditionandalso in addition as well as adds ideas in support of the main ideaLINKERS They give direction to the writer. They are also used to guide the reader through his thoughts. They make the meaning specific. слова связки Слова, позволяющие дополнить высказывание необходимой информацией, а также объединить схожие идеи или понятия, либо помогающие противопоставить идеи одна другой. Ex. 8 p.101 (SB) Ex. 6 p.119 (WB) Ex. 14 p.61 (WB) Ex. 23 p.63 (WB) Ex. 4b p.58 (WB) Правило: p. 117 (WB) In addition to In addition to being generous he is also independent. as well as She is rather creative as well as talkative. Although Although he is open-handed, he is introverted.

21 ТИПЫ ВОПРОСОВ «YES-NO» question - ОБЩИЙ ВОПРОС (КО ВСЕМУ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЮ) There are four ports in Nakhodka. / He visited his friend yesterday. Are there four ports in Nakhodka? Did he visit his friend yesterday? Alternative question - АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫЙ ВОПРОС (ВЫБОРА) Are there four or seven ports in Nakhodka? Did he visit his friend or go shopping yesterday? Disjunctive question (Tag-question) - РАЗДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ВОПРОС There аre four ports in Nakhodka, are not there? There are no ports in Nakhodka, are there? He visited his friend yesterday, did not he? He did not visit his friend yesterday, did he? Special question - СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ВОПРОС How many ports are there in Nakhodka? When did he visit his friend? How How many How much How often How long WhoWhatWhereWhenWhy WHO- question - ВОПРОС К ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕМУ Who visited his friend yesterday?

22 We use tag questions to confirm information. isn't it? This meal is horrible, isn't it? Интонация падает, если мы уверены в ответе We use tag questions to check information. do you? You don't know where the boss is, do you? Интонация повышается, если мы не уверены в ответе If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is positive, the tag is negative. You are Spanish, aren't you? If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is negative, the tag is positive. You're not Spanish, are you? TAG- QUESTIONS In the present tense, if the subject is 'I', the auxiliary changes to 'are' or 'aren't'. I'm sitting next to you, aren't I? 2. With 'let's', the tag question is 'shall we'. Let's go to the beach, shall we? With an imperative, the tag question is 'will you'. Close the window, will you?. If the main verb in the sentence is 'have' (not an auxiliary verb), it is more common to use 'do' in the question tag. You have a Ferrari, don't you? 8. With used to, we use 'didn't' in the tag question.used to You used to work here, didn't you? positive tag never, hardly, nobody, seldom, rarely We use a positive tag question after a sentence containing a negative word such as never, hardly, nobody, seldom, rarely. Nobody lives in this house, do they? You've never liked me, have you? nothing'it' When the subject is nothing, we use 'it' in the tag question. Nothing bad happened, did it? nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone everyone'they When the subject is nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone, or everyone, we use 'they' in the tag question. Nobody asked for me, did they? We can use positive question tags after positive sentences to express a reaction such as surprise or interest. You're moving to Brazil, are you? Ex. 18 p.62 (WB) Ex. 12 p.120 (WB) Правило: p. 117 (WB)

23 TOO and ENOUGH This is a piece of cake! This is an expression we use to say that something is very easy. Правило: p. 116 (WB)

24 The soup is too hot TOO and ENOUGH First, the structure: TOOTOO ADJECTIVE or ADVERB

25 TOOTOO ADVERB or ADJECTIVE The soup is too hot for me to eat. to infinitive TOO and ENOUGH First, the structure:

26 ENOUGHENOUGH ADJECTIVE enough The TV is big enough TOO and ENOUGH First, the structure:

27 We have enough money to buy the car. ENOUGHENOUGH NOUN TOO and ENOUGH First, the structure:

28 He is not tall enough to become a firefighter. ENOUGHENOUGH to infinitive NOT … TOO and ENOUGH First, the structure:

29 ADJECTIVE ENOUGH is positive Use ENOUGH to express that we have as much as we want. ENOUGHENOUGH The refrigerator is full enough for one week. TOO and ENOUGH Second, the meaning:

30 TOOTOO ADJECTIVE TOO is negative Use TOO to express that there is more than you need or want. I dont like these shoes. They are too big for me. And this jacket is too small. (Shoes are bigger than I need) TOO and ENOUGH Second, the meaning:

31 Not … NOT … ENOUGH (+ to infinitive) is negative Use (+ to infinitive) to express that we have not as much as we want. ENOUGHENOUGH The refrigerator is not full enough to eat for one week. to infinitive TOO and ENOUGH Second, the meaning:

32 The car is too old for a Formula 1 car race, but is old enough for a museum. Its not good for a Formula 1 car race because its old. Its good for a museum because its old. TOO and ENOUGH Examples :

33 This TV is big enough for this living room… …but its too small for this one. TOO and ENOUGH Examples :

34 The car is big enough for this family… …but its too small for this one. Ex. 13 p.60 (WB) Ex. 5 p.119 (WB) TOO and ENOUGH Examples : Ex. 11 p.102 (SB) Ex. 12 p.102 (SB)

35 Verbals Неличные формы глагола не изменяются по лицам и числам. Их нельзя использовать самостоятельно в качестве сказуемого, только в его составе. К неличным формам относятся, и. Infinitive the Infinitive (инфинитив) Gerund the Gerund (герундий) Participles Participles I и II (причастие) ГЕРУНДИЙ ГЕРУНДИЙ – это неличная форма глагола, выражающая название действия и обладающая как свойствами глагола так и существительного. Герундий иногда еще называют отглагольным существительным. В русском языке нет соответствующей формы. –ing В английском языке герундий образуется посредством добавления к глаголу суффикса –ing. ИНФИНИТИВ частица to ИНФИНИТИВ – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие. Инфинитив является основной (или I) формой глагола и представляет глагол в словаре. Признаком инфинитива является частица to: to help - помогать, to read - читать. не выражают Неличные формы глагола не выражают: лица, числа и наклонения не имеют обычных форм времени не выражают Неличные формы глагола не выражают: лица, числа и наклонения не имеют обычных форм времени

36 to Infinitive инфинитивом называется конструкция вида to + глагол, что в русском языке соответствует неопределенной форме глагола. Выше мы уже рассмотрели несколько примеров использования инфинитива, но давайте все же закрепим материал. Итак: УПОТРЕБЛЯЕТСЯ: После глаголов: refuse, advise, promise, decide, agree, seem, offer, afford, learn, expect, happen, intend, choose, invite, ask, allow, hope, order, appear, arrange, attempt, hesitate, fail, prepare, pretend, swear… После глаголов: refuse, advise, promise, decide, agree, seem, offer, afford, learn, expect, happen, intend, choose, invite, ask, allow, hope, order, appear, arrange, prepare и т.д. 1) Когда говорим о цели (чтобы) She goes there to keep fit. 2) После прилагательных: I was happy to walk in the rain! 3) После too и enough Its too late to phone her. He is old enough to watch this film. 4) После глаголов, выражающих предпочтение в ЧАСТНОЙ ситуации. Would like/ love/ prefer/ Be loath to (не быть склонным) Want I would like to have a cup of coffee. 5) После конструкции used to He used to drive careless. 6) После конструкции to be going to 7) После модальных и близких к ним по значению, требующих за собой «to» Have to, Ought to, Manage to, Be to, To be allowed to 8) После безличных конструкций Its difficult to translate from Italian 9) it+be+adjective+of+noun/pronoun It was generous of himto offer 1000$. 10) so+adjective+as Would you be so kind as to help me move the sofa? 11) only (неудовлетворительный результат) She came in only to find Tom had left. 12) be+first/second/next/best He was the last to come to work 13) for + noun/pronoun For him to be so rude was unforgivable. 14) после конструкции сущ+глагол в Passive+infinitive The President is reported to have visited Mexico. Wild animals are claimed to have the sixth sense. 4 безto Bare Infinitive Инфинитив без частицы to (Bare Infinitive) употребляется в следующих случаях: После глаголов shall, will. He will write to his parents tomorrow. Завтра он напишет своим родителям. После модальных глаголов (кроме глагола ought). She can ski and skate. Она умеет кататься на коньках и на лыжах. После глаголов чувственного восприятия feel, see, hear, watch и др. We saw him enter. Мы видели, как он вышел. После глаголов let (разрешать), have, make (заставлять). What makes you think so? Что заставляет тебя так думать? Let me take this book, please. Пожалуйста, разрешите мне взять эту книгу. После выражений had better (лучше), would rather (лучше бы). You had better go now. Лучше уйди / иди сейчас. I must see you at once. Мне надо сейчас же встретиться с тобой. После глаголов: agree, ask, advise, allow, appear, arrange, afford, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, hope, intend, invite, learn, refuse, offer, order, prepare, promise, seem и т.д. После глаголов: agree, ask, advise, allow, appear, arrange, afford, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, hope, intend, invite, learn, refuse, offer, order, prepare, promise, seem и т.д. to keep Когда говорим о цели (чтобы) - She goes there to keep fit. happyto walk После прилагательных - I was happy to walk in the rain! too to phone После too и enough - Its too late to phone her. enoughto watch He is old enough to watch this film. too to phone После too и enough - Its too late to phone her. enoughto watch He is old enough to watch this film. Itsto translate После безличных конструкций - Its difficult to translate from Italian 1. После глаголов: agree, ask, advise, allow, appear, arrange, afford, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, hope, intend, invite, learn, refuse, offer, order, prepare, promise, seem и т.д. to keep 1. Когда говорим о цели (чтобы) - She goes there to keep fit. to walk 2. После прилагательных - I was happy to walk in the rain! to translate 3. После безличных конструкций - Its difficult to translate from Italian would like, would love, would preferto have 4. После глаголов, выражающих предпочтение (would like, would love, would prefer) - I would like to have a cup of coffee. would like, would love, would preferI would like to have После глаголов, выражающих предпочтение (would like, would love, would prefer) - I would like to have a cup of coffee.

37 Bare Infinitive инфинитивом называется конструкция вида to + глагол, что в русском языке соответствует неопределенной форме глагола. Выше мы уже рассмотрели несколько примеров использования инфинитива, но давайте все же закрепим материал. Итак: безto : Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется : После глаголов: refuse, advise, promise, decide, agree, seem, offer, afford, learn, expect, happen, intend, choose, invite, ask, allow, hope, order, appear, arrange, prepare и т.д. безto Bare Infinitive Инфинитив без частицы to (Bare Infinitive) употребляется в следующих случаях: После глаголов shall, will. He will write to his parents tomorrow. Завтра он напишет своим родителям. После модальных глаголов (кроме глагола ought). She can ski and skate. Она умеет кататься на коньках и на лыжах. После глаголов чувственного восприятия feel, see, hear, watch и др. We saw him enter. Мы видели, как он вышел. После глаголов let (разрешать), have, make (заставлять). What makes you think so? Что заставляет тебя так думать? Let me take this book, please. Пожалуйста, разрешите мне взять эту книгу. После выражений had better (лучше), would rather (лучше бы). You had better go now. Лучше уйди / иди сейчас. I must see you at once. Мне надо сейчас же встретиться с тобой. После глаголов: agree, ask, advise, allow, appear, arrange, afford, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, hope, intend, invite, learn, refuse, offer, order, prepare, promise, seem и т.д. После глаголов: agree, ask, advise, allow, appear, arrange, afford, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, hope, intend, invite, learn, refuse, offer, order, prepare, promise, seem и т.д. can skate После модальных глаголов (кроме глагола ought). - She can ski and skate. Она умеет кататься на коньках и на лыжах. feel, see, hear, watch sawenter После глаголов чувственного восприятия feel, see, hear, watch и др. - We saw him enter. Мы видели, как он вышел. let havemake makesthink После глаголов let (разрешать), have, make (заставлять) - What makes you think so? Что заставляет тебя так думать? Let me take this book, please. Пожалуйста, разрешите мне взять эту книгу. had bettewould rather had better После выражений had better (лучше), would rather (скорее) - You had better go now. Лучше уйди / иди сейчас. do + infinitive do believe В конструкции do + infinitive для усиления - I do believe in Santa Claus Я таки верю в Санта Клауса. Youd better (had) – вам лучше Id rather (would) - я скорее. Id rather go away.

38 GerundУПОТРЕБЛЯЕТСЯ: 1) После глаголов с глагольными операторами Thank for, be fond of, be good at, be keen on, be interested in, to be disappointed at, to be surprised at, to be responsible for, to prevent from, to consist in, to persist in, to result in, to spend in, to succeed in, to be engaged in, to accuse off, to approve of, to suspect of, to hear of, to think of, to object to. 2) После существительных с послелогами Astonishment at, plan for, reason for art of, fear of, habit of, way of и др. 3) После конструкций to be used to, to get used to. I am used to driving at a low speed. I am getting used to eating healthy food. 4) После глаголов, в которых герундий – часть составного глагольного сказуемого: To finish, to give up, to keep, to keep on, to go on, to put off, to postpone, to delay, to need, to require, to avoid, to risk, to understand, to appreciate, to suggest, to admit, to consider, to miss, to imagine, to escape, to face, to involve, to practice, to feel. 5) после глаголов to mention, to remember, to mind герундий употребляется в качестве прямого дополнения 6) После фраз:, its no good, its (not) worth, its useless, theres no point in, cant stand (не выношу, нетерплю), cant help (не могу удержаться от), Im busy,, as well as, have a hard/difficult time. He had difficulty finding his way back. 7) После глаголов, выражающих ОБЩЕЕ предпочтение Love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, dont mind, dont fancy, loath (ненавидеть), adore, hate НО! Like +to-inf = Its a good idea I like to wash my hair every day. 8) После конструкции feel like I feel like having tea ( яхочу) 9) В конструкции 10) После hear, listen, notice, see, watch, которые выражают незаконченное действие. I saw Kim doing his homework. Я видел как Ким делал свою домашнюю работу. Глаголы, после которых употребляется герундий: to admit – допускать, признавать to avoid – избегать to like/dislike – (не) нравиться to enjoy – наслаждаться, нравиться to escape – убегать to finish – закончить to forgive – прощать, извинять to miss – упустить to stop – прекращать to prefer – предпочитать to love – любить to hate –ненавидеть др. can't help can't help не могу не, нельзя не… can't help talking He can't help talking so loudly. Он не может не говорить так громко. can't stand can't stand не выносить, не терпеть can't stand smoking He can't stand her smoking in the office. Он терпеть не может, когда она курит в офисе. look forward to look forward to - предвкушать looking forward to meeting I am looking forward to meeting you! dont mind dont mind - не против, не возражаю I don't mind your opening the window. in addition to - in addition to - кроме того, сверх того, более того, вдобавок к В конструкциях to go fishing – ходить на рыбалку to go dancing – заниматься танцами to go shopping – ходить за покупками to go skating – кататься на коньках to go swimming – заниматься плаванием to go walking – ходить на прогулку и др. С глаголом to go герундий используется в некоторых характерных сочетаниях: После глаголов: like, love, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer - ( ОБЩЕЕ предпочтение), avoid, stop, finish, forgive и т.д. We finished dressing. -Мы закончили одеваться. После глаголов: like, love, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer - ( ОБЩЕЕ предпочтение), avoid, stop, finish, forgive и т.д. We finished dressing. -Мы закончили одеваться. like going I like going to the supermarket. would like to go I would like to go to the supermarket with you. Ex. 13 p.102 (SB) Ex. 1,2 p.118 (WB)

39 Ex. 14 p.121 (WB)